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In the base ten number system, integer powers of 10 are written as the digit 1 followed or preceded by a number of zeroes determined by the sign and magnitude of the exponent. For example, 10 3 = 1000 and 10 −4 = 0.0001. Exponentiation with base 10 is used in scientific notation to denote large or small numbers.
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that any natural number can be written in only one way (uniquely) as the product of prime numbers. For example, 42 equals the product of prime numbers 2 × 3 × 7, and no other product of prime numbers equals 42, aside from trivial rearrangements such as 7 × 3 × 2.
For polynomials in two or more variables, the degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term; the degree (sometimes called the total degree) of the polynomial is again the maximum of the degrees of all terms in the polynomial. For example, the polynomial x 2 y 2 + 3x 3 + 4y has degree 4, the same degree as the term x ...
The third power of the trinomial a + b + c is given by (+ +) = + + + + + + + + +. This can be computed by hand using the distributive property of multiplication over addition and combining like terms, but it can also be done (perhaps more easily) with the multinomial theorem.
Kummer theory is basic, for example, in class field theory and in general in understanding abelian extensions; it says that in the presence of enough roots of unity, cyclic extensions can be understood in terms of extracting roots. The main burden in class field theory is to dispense with extra roots of unity ('descending' back to smaller ...
As one special case, it can be used to prove that if n is a positive integer then 4 divides () if and only if n is not a power of 2. It follows from Legendre's formula that the p -adic exponential function has radius of convergence p − 1 / ( p − 1 ) {\displaystyle p^{-1/(p-1)}} .
In number theory, a cyclotomic field is a number field obtained by adjoining a complex root of unity to , the field of rational numbers. [1]Cyclotomic fields played a crucial role in the development of modern algebra and number theory because of their relation with Fermat's Last Theorem.
This method is an efficient variant of the 2 k-ary method. For example, to calculate the exponent 398, which has binary expansion (110 001 110) 2, we take a window of length 3 using the 2 k-ary method algorithm and calculate 1, x 3, x 6, x 12, x 24, x 48, x 49, x 98, x 99, x 198, x 199, x 398.
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