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  2. Cell cycle checkpoint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle_checkpoint

    Chk1/2 phosphorylate cdc25 which, in addition to being inhibited, is also sequestered in the cytoplasm by the 14-3-3 proteins. 14-3-3 are upregulated by p53, which, as previously mentioned, is activated by Chk1 and ATM/ATR. p53 also transactivates p21, and both p21 and the 14-3-3 in turn inhibit cyclin B-cdc2 complexes through the ...

  3. p21 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P21

    p21 is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI). The p21 (CIP1/WAF1) protein binds to and inhibits the activity of cyclin-CDK2, -CDK1, and -CDK4 /6 complexes, and thus functions as a regulator of cell cycle progression at G 1 and S phase.

  4. CDKN2A - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDKN2A

    P14ARF is a central actor of the cell cycle regulation process as it participates to the ARF-MDM2-p53 pathway and the Rb-E2F-1 pathway. [15] It is the physiological inhibitor of MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase controlling the activity and stability of P53, and loss of P14ARF activity may have a similar effect as loss of P53. [ 16 ]

  5. G2-M DNA damage checkpoint - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2-M_DNA_damage_checkpoint

    In the absence of p53 or p21, it was demonstrated that radiated cells progressed into mitosis. [17] The absence of p21 or 14-3-3 cannot sufficiently inhibit the CyclinB-Cdc2 complex, thus exhibiting the regulatory control of p53 and p21 in the G2 checkpoint in response to DNA damage. [12] p53 mutations can result in a significant checkpoint ...

  6. Biochemical cascade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_cascade

    However, it is observed a decrease of self-renewal potential with age. These mechanisms are regulated by p16 Ink4a-CDK4/6-Rb and p19 Arf-p53-P21 Cip1 signaling pathways. Embryonic stem cells have constitutive cyclin E-CDK2 activity, which hyperphosphorylates and inactivates Rb.

  7. Cyclin-dependent kinase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase

    In animal cells, two primary CKI families exist: the INK4 family (p16, p15, p18, p19) and the CIP/KIP family (p21, p27, p57). The INK4 family proteins specifically bind to and inhibit CDK4 and CDK6 by D-type cyclins or by CAK, while the CIP/KIP family prevent the activation of CDK-cyclin heterodimers, disrupting both cyclin binding and kinase ...

  8. AOL Mail - AOL Help

    help.aol.com/products/aol-webmail

    Get answers to your AOL Mail, login, Desktop Gold, AOL app, password and subscription questions. Find the support options to contact customer care by email, chat, or phone number.

  9. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin-dependent_kinase...

    Cell cycle progression is stopped by Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein at the G1 phase. [2] CKIs are vital proteins within the control system that point out whether the processes of DNA synthesis, mitosis, and cytokines control one another. When a malfunction hinders the successful completion of DNA synthesis in the G1 phase, it ...