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Disease-causing bacteria do this in many ways, including releasing iron-binding molecules called siderophores and then reabsorbing them to recover iron, or scavenging iron from hemoglobin and transferrin. The harder the bacteria have to work to get iron, the greater a metabolic price they must pay. That means that iron-deprived bacteria ...
There are concerns about the bioavailability of iron from plant foods, assumed by some researchers to be 5–15 percent compared to 18 percent from a non-vegetarian diet. [110] Iron-deficiency anemia is found as often in non-vegetarians as in vegetarians. Vegetarians' iron stores are lower. Lower iron stores may increase the risk for iron ...
Aggregated ferritin transforms into a water insoluble, crystalline and amorphous form of storage iron called hemosiderin. [5] Ferritin is a globular protein complex consisting of 24 protein subunits forming a hollow spherical nanocage with multiple metal–protein interactions. [6] Ferritin with iron removed is called apoferritin. [7]: e10
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In contrast to most fresh-water sources, iron levels in surface sea-water are extremely low (1 nM to 1 μM in the upper 200 m) and much lower than those of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn. Virtually all this iron is in the iron(III) state and complexed to organic ligands. [ 38 ]
Absorption of dietary iron in iron salt form (as in most supplements) varies somewhat according to the body's need for iron, and is usually between 10% and 20% of iron intake. Absorption of iron from animal products, and some plant products, is in the form of heme iron, and is more efficient, allowing absorption of from 15% to 35% of intake.
Iron deficiency can be managed through an iron-rich diet or supplementation. Severe iron deficiency anemia may require oral iron therapy, typically with 300 mg of ferrous sulfate containing 60 mg of elemental iron. For those who do not respond to oral treatment, intravenous iron infusion or iron chelation for iron overload may be necessary. [168]
Anyone considering becoming a vegetarian or vegan should also be sure their diet is carefully planned to include enough iron, iodine, vitamin B12 and vitamin D, Mellor told CNN in May.