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Coulomb's inverse-square law, or simply Coulomb's law, is an experimental law [1] of physics that calculates the amount of force between two electrically charged particles at rest. This electric force is conventionally called the electrostatic force or Coulomb force . [ 2 ]
When talking about electrostatic potential energy, time-invariant electric fields are always assumed so, in this case, the electric field is conservative and Coulomb's law can be used. Using Coulomb's law, it is known that the electrostatic force F and the electric field E created by a discrete point charge Q are radially directed from Q.
For N = 3, electrons reside at the vertices of an equilateral triangle about any great circle. [3] The great circle is often considered to define an equator about the sphere and the two points perpendicular to the plane are often considered poles to aid in discussions about the electrostatic configurations of many- N electron solutions.
The electric potential arising from a point charge, Q, at a distance, r, from the location of Q is observed to be =, where ε 0 is the permittivity of vacuum [4], V E is known as the Coulomb potential.
Coulomb's law states that: [5] The magnitude of the electrostatic force of attraction or repulsion between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force is along the straight line joining them.
Continuous charge distribution. The volume charge density ρ is the amount of charge per unit volume (cube), surface charge density σ is amount per unit surface area (circle) with outward unit normal nĚ‚, d is the dipole moment between two point charges, the volume density of these is the polarization density P.
where n is the number of charges, q i is the amount of charge associated with the ith charge, r i is the position of the ith charge, r is the position where the electric field is being determined, and ε 0 is the electric constant. If the field is instead produced by a continuous distribution of charge, the summation becomes an integral:
Coulomb's law in the CGS-Gaussian system takes the form =, where F is the force, q G 1 and q G 2 are the two electric charges, and r is the distance between the charges. This serves to define charge as a quantity in the Gaussian system.