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According to Kent Bach, "almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience".
commissives = speech acts that commit a speaker to some future action, e.g. promises and oaths; expressives = speech acts that express on the speaker's attitudes and emotions towards the proposition, e.g. congratulations, excuses and thanks; declarations = speech acts that change the reality in accord with the proposition of the declaration, e ...
Speech Act Theory is a subfield of pragmatics that explores how words and sentences are not only used to present information, but also to perform actions. [2] As an utterance, a locutionary act is considered a performative , in which both the audience and the speaker must trust certain conditions about the speech act.
A - act sequence: what speech acts make up the speech event, and what order they are performed in K - key : the tone or manner of performance (serious or joking, sincere or ironic, etc.) I - instrumentalities : what channel or medium of communication is used (e.g. speaking, signing, writing, drumming, whistling), and what language/variety is ...
In this and other works by Aristotle, rhetoric is the act of publicly persuading an audience. [29] Rhetoric is similar to dialect: he defines both as being acts of persuasion. However, dialect is the act of persuading someone in private, whereas rhetoric is about persuading people in a public setting. [29]
Essentially, the audience is a collection of individuals who are anonymous to one another, act independently, and are united by a common object of attention. [22] The latter variation conceives of audiences as networks, in which individual audience members may be visible to one another and are capable of acting in concert.
Relevance theory only recognises three types of generic, universal speech acts: saying (that), telling (to), and asking (whether). Other speech acts are either culture specific or institutional rather than linguistic (for example, bidding at bridge, promising, or thanking); they have to be learned like all aspects of a culture, or
The audience design framework distinguishes between several kinds of audience types based on three criteria from the perspective of the speaker: known (whether an addressee is known to be part of a speech context), ratified (the speaker acknowledges the listener's presence in the speech context), or addressed (the listener is directly spoken to).