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Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that, unlike gram-positive bacteria, do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. [1] Their defining characteristic is their cell envelope , which consists of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall sandwiched between an inner ( cytoplasmic ) membrane and an ...
[21] [22] In general, gram negative bacteria enter the bloodstream from infections in the respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, gastrointestinal tract, or hepatobiliary system. Gram-negative bacteremia occurs more frequently in elderly populations (65 years or older) and is associated with higher morbidity and mortality in this population. [23]
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a gram negative diplococcus (also referred to as "Gonococcus") and a pathogenic bacteria. [2] In 2019, there were 616,392 reported cases of gonorrhea in the United States, with an overall increased rate 5.7% from 2018 to 2019. [6]
If Gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococci are visualized on direct Gram stain of urethral pus (male genital infection), no further testing is needed to establish the diagnosis of gonorrhea infection. [40] [41] However, direct Gram stain of cervical swabs is not useful because the N. gonorrhoeae organisms are less concentrated in these samples.
It also causes bacteremia [12] associated with intra-abdominal infections, peritonitis and abscesses following rupture of viscus, and subcutaneous abscesses or burns near the anus. [13] Though it is gram negative, it has an altered LPS and does not cause endotoxic shock. Untreated B. fragilis infections have a 60% mortality rate. [6]
Bacterial infections are usually treated with antibiotics. However, the antibiotic sensitivities of different strains of E. coli vary widely. As gram-negative organisms, E. coli are resistant to many antibiotics that are effective against gram-positive organisms.
These gram-negative, aerobic bacteria reside in the mucosal membranes of the upper respiratory tract, functioning as commensals. [3] However, this species can also play a pathogenic role in immunocompromised and diabetic individuals. [4] In rare cases, it has been linked to meningitis, pneumonia, empyema, endocarditis, and sepsis.
Pseudescherichia vulneris is a Gram-negative bacterial species. P. vulneris is a fermentative, oxidase-negative, motile rod, which holds characteristics of the family Enterobacteraceae. This bacterium can colonize in the respiratory tract, genital tract, stool, and urinary tract.