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Malinformation is a controversial term for information which is based on fact, but removed from its original context in order to mislead, harm, or manipulate. [1] The term was first coined by Hossein Derakhshan and was used in a co-authored report titled "Information Disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policy making". [2]
The actors sowing disinformation succeed when disinformation circulates in social media as beliefs that cannot be fact-checked. [5]If individuals can be convinced of something that is factually incorrect, they may make decisions that will run counter to the best interests of themselves and those around them.
The Shorenstein Center at Harvard University defines disinformation research as an academic field that studies "the spread and impacts of misinformation, disinformation, and media manipulation," including "how it spreads through online and offline channels, and why people are susceptible to believing bad information, and successful strategies for mitigating its impact" [23] According to a 2023 ...
Research has shown that fake news hurts social media and online based outlets far worse than traditional print and TV outlets. After a survey was conducted, it was found that 58% of people had less trust in social media news stories as opposed to 24% of people in mainstream media after learning about fake news. [ 58 ]
Brandolini's law, also known as the bullshit asymmetry principle, is an internet adage coined in 2013 by Alberto Brandolini, an Italian programmer, that emphasizes the effort of debunking misinformation, in comparison to the relative ease of creating it in the first place.
Research has also shown that viral misinformation may spread more widely as a result of echo chambers, as the echo chambers provide an initial seed which can fuel broader viral diffusion. [139] Misinformation might be created and spread with malicious intent for reasons such as causing anxiety or deceiving audiences. [136]
The problem of misinformation is exacerbated by the educational bubble, users' critical thinking ability and news culture. [138] Based on a 2015 study, 62.5% of the Facebook users are oblivious to any curation of their News Feed. Furthermore, scientists have started to investigate algorithms with unexpected outcomes that may lead to antisocial ...
Censorship is an issue commonly involved in the discussion of information ethics because it describes the inability to access or express opinions or information based on the belief it is bad for others to view this opinion or information. [12]