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By the 1950s, the production and use of biased "scientific" research was part of a consistent "disinformation playbook", used by companies in the tobacco, [117] pesticide [118] and fossil fuels industries. [59] [105] [119] In many cases, the same researchers, research groups, and public relations firms were hired by multiple industries. They ...
Malinformation is information which is based on fact, but removed from its original context in order to mislead, harm, or manipulate. [1] Whether something should be considered malinformation can therefore contain an element of subjectivity, and it is therefore a controversial concept.
The Shorenstein Center at Harvard University defines disinformation research as an academic field that studies "the spread and impacts of misinformation, disinformation, and media manipulation," including "how it spreads through online and offline channels, and why people are susceptible to believing bad information, and successful strategies for mitigating its impact" [23] According to a 2023 ...
Censorship is an issue commonly involved in the discussion of information ethics because it describes the inability to access or express opinions or information based on the belief it is bad for others to view this opinion or information. [12]
Research has also shown that viral misinformation may spread more widely as a result of echo chambers, as the echo chambers provide an initial seed which can fuel broader viral diffusion. [139] Misinformation might be created and spread with malicious intent for reasons such as causing anxiety or deceiving audiences. [136]
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Fake news and similar false information (misinformation or disinformation [1]) is fostered and spread across India through word of mouth, traditional media and more recently through digital forms of communication such as edited videos, websites, blogs, memes, unverified advertisements and social media propagated rumours.
The vagueness of this law means that satirists, opinion writers, and journalists who make errors could face persecution. The law also makes it illegal to share fake news stories. In one instance, a Danish man and Malaysian citizen were arrested for posting false news stories online and were sentenced to serve a month in jail. [386]