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Electronegativity is not a uniquely defined property and may depend on the definition. The suggested values are all taken from WebElements as a consistent set. Many of the highly radioactive elements have values that must be predictions or extrapolations, but are unfortunately not marked as such.
See also: Electronegativities of the elements (data page) There are no reliable sources for Pm, Eu and Yb other than the range of 1.1–1.2; see Pauling, Linus (1960).
In spite of its long history, an accurate scale of electronegativity was not developed until 1932, when Linus Pauling proposed an electronegativity scale which depends on bond energies, as a development of valence bond theory. [3] It has been shown to correlate with a number of other chemical properties.
Using the various properties of molecules, such as the energy required to break bonds and the dipole moments of molecules, he established a scale and an associated numerical value for most of the elements — the Pauling Electronegativity Scale — which is useful in predicting the nature of bonds between atoms in molecules. [44]
The scale has been named the Pauling scale in his honour. According to this scale, fluorine is the most electronegative element, while cesium is the least electronegative element. [18] Trend-wise, as one moves from left to right across a period in the modern periodic table, the electronegativity increases as the nuclear charge increases and the ...
Zirconium has an electronegativity of 1.33 on the Pauling scale. Of the elements within the d-block with known electronegativities, zirconium has the fourth lowest electronegativity after hafnium , yttrium , and lutetium .
Holmium is quite electropositive: on the Pauling electronegativity scale, it has an electronegativity of 1.23. [18] It is generally trivalent. It reacts slowly with cold water and quickly with hot water to form holmium(III) hydroxide: [19] 2 Ho (s) + 6 H 2 O (l) → 2 Ho(OH) 3 (aq) + 3 H 2 (g) Holmium metal reacts with all the stable halogens: [20]
Linus Pauling estimated the electronegativity of francium at 0.7 on the Pauling scale, the same as caesium; [13] the value for caesium has since been refined to 0.79, but there are no experimental data to allow a refinement of the value for francium. [14]