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  2. Heat pump - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump

    In general, heat pumps work most efficiently (that is, the heat output produced for a given energy input) when the difference between the heat source and the heat sink is small. When using a heat pump for space or water heating, therefore, the heat pump will be most efficient in mild conditions, and decline in efficiency on very cold days.

  3. Coefficient of performance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient_of_performance

    The heat pump itself can be improved by increasing the size of the internal heat exchangers, which in turn increases the efficiency (and the cost) relative to the power of the compressor, and also by reducing the system's internal temperature gap over the compressor. Obviously, this latter measure makes some heat pumps unsuitable to produce ...

  4. Thermal efficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_efficiency

    Therefore, heat pumps can be a more efficient way of heating than simply converting the input work into heat, as in an electric heater or furnace. Since they are heat engines, these devices are also limited by Carnot's theorem. The limiting value of the Carnot 'efficiency' for these processes, with the equality theoretically achievable only ...

  5. Heat pump and refrigeration cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump_and...

    Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. [1] A heat pump is a mechanical system that transmits heat from one location (the "source") at a certain temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature. [2]

  6. Heating seasonal performance factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heating_seasonal...

    A system which transfers 2.25 times as much heat as the electricity consumed is said to have an SPF of 2.25. A well designed ground source heat pump installation should achieve an SPF of 3.5, or over 5 if linked to a solar-assisted thermal bank. [6] Example: For a heat pump delivering 120,000,000 BTU during the season, when consuming 15,000 kWh ...

  7. Seasonal energy efficiency ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_energy_efficiency...

    "Cold climate" heat pumps are designed to optimize efficiency below 0 °F (−18 °C). As of 2023 heat pumps are marketed that will extract heat from outdoor temperatures as low as −40 °F (−40 °C). In the case of cold climates, water or ground-source heat pumps are often the most efficient solution.

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