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The motherhood penalty refers to the economic disadvantages women face in the workplace as a result of becoming mothers. [1] [2] [3] This sociological concept highlights how working mothers often experience wage reductions, diminished perceived competence, and fewer career advancement opportunities compared to their childless counterparts.
[4] [5] Precarious work is ultimately a result of a profit driven capitalist organization of work in which employment is largely understood as a cost that needs to be reduced. [6] The social and political consequences vary greatly in terms of gender, age, race, and class and result in varying degrees of inequality and freedom.
The judgement mandates appropriate work conditions should be provided for work, leisure, health, and hygiene to further ensure that there is no hostile environment towards women at the workplace and no woman employee should have reasonable grounds to believe that she is disadvantaged in connection with her employment.
In 1988, Marilyn Waring published If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics, a groundbreaking and systematic critique of the system of national accounts, the international standard of measuring economic growth, and the ways in which women's unpaid work as well as the value of Nature have been excluded from what counts as productive in the economy.
Women's work and therefore women themselves can be "rendered invisible" in situations in which women's work is a supportive role to "men's work". [8] For example, in peace negotiations , terms and language used may refer to ' combatants ' to indicate the army in question. [ 8 ]
Born in 1946 in New York, Goldin is the third woman to win the Nobel economics prize. She is the Henry Lee Professor of Economics at Harvard University and a co-director of the Gender in the ...
Because high concentrations of women work in these fields (34.8% of employed women of color and 5.1% of white women as private household workers, 21.6% and 13.8% working in service jobs, 9.3% and 3.7% as agricultural workers, and 8.1% and 17.2% as administrative workers), "nearly 45% of all employed women, then, appear to have been exempt from ...
Whether it’s the push-and-pull over remote work, lack of pay transparency and cost-of-living adjustments, or simply the slow adjustment to a new and often befuddling set of professional norms ...