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Typhoid is treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, or third-generation cephalosporins. [2] Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment more difficult. [2] [14] [15] In 2015, 12.5 million new typhoid cases were reported. [16] The disease is most common in India. [2] Children are most ...
Typhoid vaccines are vaccines that prevent typhoid fever. [1] [2] [3] Several types are widely available: typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV), Ty21a (a live oral vaccine) and Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (ViPS) (an injectable subunit vaccine). They are about 30 to 70% effective in the first two years, depending on the specific vaccine in ...
During the American Civil War, 81,360 Union soldiers died of typhoid or dysentery, far more than died of battle wounds. [25] In the late 19th century, the typhoid fever mortality rate in Chicago averaged 65 per 100,000 people a year. The worst year was 1891, when the typhoid death rate was 174 per 100,000 people. [26]
Ty21a is a live attenuated bacterial vaccine that protects against typhoid.First licensed in Europe in 1983 and in the United States in 1989, it is an orally administered, live-attenuated Ty2 strain of S. Typhi in which multiple genes, including the genes responsible for the production of Vi, have been deleted so as to render it harmless but nevertheless immunogenic.
India has a goal for the elimination of kala-azar. [4] The steps to eliminating the disease include passive and active case detection, early diagnosis and treatment, and vector control integrated into medical treatment. [4] [5] Before the year 2000 there was hope and expectation that India could eliminate kala-azar from the country. [6]
The Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (or ViCPS) is a typhoid vaccine recommended by the World Health Organization for the prevention of typhoid (another is Ty21a).The vaccine was first licensed in the US in 1994 and is made from the purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from the Ty2 Salmonella Typhi strain; it is a subunit vaccine.
Typhoid fever is an example of continuous fever and it shows a characteristic step-ladder pattern, ... Antibiotics used in treatment of infectious diseases include ...
The American Public Health Association recommends treatment based upon clinical findings and before culturing confirms the diagnosis. [18] Without treatment, death may occur in 10% to 60% of people with epidemic typhus, with people over age 50 having the highest risk of death. [19] In the antibiotic era, death is uncommon if doxycycline is given.