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Properties of isolated, closed, and open systems in exchanging energy and matter. In thermodynamics, a closed system can exchange energy (as heat or work) but not matter, with its surroundings. An isolated system cannot exchange any heat, work, or matter with the surroundings, while an open system can exchange energy and matter.
A closed system may exchange heat, experience forces, and exert forces, but does not exchange matter. An open system can interact with its surroundings by exchanging both matter and energy. The physical condition of a thermodynamic system at a given time is described by its state , which can be specified by the values of a set of thermodynamic ...
In thermodynamics, a closed system is one that cannot take in or give out ponderable matter, but may be able to take in or give out radiation and heat and work or any form of energy. In thermodynamics, a closed system can be further restricted, by being 'isolated': an isolated system cannot take in nor give out either ponderable matter or any ...
One such potential is the Helmholtz free energy (A), for a closed system at constant volume and temperature (controlled by a heat bath): = Another potential, the Gibbs free energy (G), is minimized at thermodynamic equilibrium in a closed system at constant temperature and pressure, both controlled by the surroundings:
It also postulates that energy can be transferred from one thermodynamic system to another adiabatically as work, and that energy can be held as the internal energy of a thermodynamic system. It also postulates that energy can be transferred from one thermodynamic system to another by a path that is non-adiabatic, and is unaccompanied by matter ...
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. [1] In the case of a closed system, the principle says that the total amount of energy within the system can only be changed through energy entering or leaving the system.
Heat can flow into or out of a closed system by way of thermal conduction or of thermal radiation to or from a thermal reservoir, and when this process is effecting net transfer of heat, the system is not in thermal equilibrium. While the transfer of energy as heat continues, the system's temperature can be changing.
An isolated system has a fixed total energy and mass. A closed system, on the other hand, is a system which is connected to another, and cannot exchange matter (i.e. particles), but can transfer other forms of energy (e.g. heat), to or from the other system.