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The color is caused by the size and dispersion of gold particles. Ruby gold glass is usually made of lead glass with added tin. Silver compounds such as silver nitrate and silver halides can produce a range of colors from orange-red to yellow. The way the glass is heated and cooled can significantly affect the colors produced by these compounds.
Cobalt glass—known as "smalt" when ground as a pigment—is a deep blue coloured glass prepared by including a cobalt compound, typically cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate, in a glass melt. Cobalt is a very intense colouring agent and very little is required to show a noticeable amount of colour.
While McKee Glass was the first to produce tableware in this jadeite color glass, the history of this color dates back into the 19th century. [citation needed] Other U.S. and European glassmakers produced items in this color. Examples can be seen from various makers such as Tarentum Glass, Challinor Taylor, and Portieux Vallerysthal of France.
In the exhaust method, the dye is transported to the substrate by the dye liquor's motion. The dye is adsorbed onto the fibre surface and ideally diffuses into the whole of the fibre. Water consumption in exhaust application is higher than the continuous dyeing method. [18] There are three corresponding ways of dyeing with the exhaust method.
The dye solution can be flowing through a cuvette, i.e., a glass container, or be as a dye jet, i.e., as a sheet-like stream in open air from a specially-shaped nozzle. With a dye jet, one avoids reflection losses from the glass surfaces and contamination of the walls of the cuvette. These advantages come at the cost of a more-complicated ...
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The Alzheimer's Association released a list of gift recommendations for individuals with the disease at every stage of dementia. Experts offer insights on how to navigate the holiday amid dementia.
Neodymium-doped glass turns purple due to the absorbance of yellow and green light, and is used in welding goggles. [4] Some neodymium-doped glass is dichroic; that is, it changes color depending on the lighting. One kind of glass named for the mineral alexandrite appears blue in sunlight and red in artificial light. [5]