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The color is caused by the size and dispersion of gold particles. Ruby gold glass is usually made of lead glass with added tin. Silver compounds such as silver nitrate and silver halides can produce a range of colors from orange-red to yellow. The way the glass is heated and cooled can significantly affect the colors produced by these compounds.
The color of the flames also generally depends on temperature and oxygen fed; see flame colors. [5] The procedure uses different solvents and flames to view the test flame through a cobalt blue glass or didymium glass to filter the interfering light of contaminants such as sodium. [12] Flame tests are subject of a number of limitations.
Praseodymium-doped glass, called didymium glass, turns yellow and is used in welding goggles because it blocks infrared radiation. Praseodymium(III) oxide is also used to color glass and ceramics yellow. [3] For coloring ceramics, also the very dark brown mixed-valence compound praseodymium(III,IV) oxide, Pr 6 O 11, is used.
Neodymium-doped glass turns purple due to the absorbance of yellow and green light, and is used in welding goggles. [4] Some neodymium-doped glass is dichroic; that is, it changes color depending on the lighting. One kind of glass named for the mineral alexandrite appears blue in sunlight and red in artificial light. [5]
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Cobalt glass—known as "smalt" when ground as a pigment—is a deep blue coloured glass prepared by including a cobalt compound, typically cobalt oxide or cobalt carbonate, in a glass melt. Cobalt is a very intense colouring agent and very little is required to show a noticeable amount of colour.
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