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Similarly to the Portland concrete used in civil engineering, water is added to the refractory castables to provide workability and allow molding, pumping, shotcreting or other forms of placement. Water exists within castables in free or combined forms: while free water remains in the pores without reaction with the materials' other ...
By the 2010s, the product was found in the US market under the name FONDAG cement (FOND Aluminous Aggregate), sometimes referred to as ALAG (ALuminous AGgregate). FONDAG cement is a mix of up to 40 percent alumina, and is stable at high temperatures and thermal cycling from −184–1,093 °C (−300–2,000 °F; 89–1,400 K; 160–2,500 °R) [4]
The purpose of the refractory lining is to insulate the steel shell from the high temperatures inside the kiln, and to protect it from the corrosive properties of the process material. It may consist of refractory bricks or cast refractory concrete, or may be absent in zones of the kiln that are below approximately 250 °C (482 °F).
Refractoriness is the property of a refractory's multiphase to reach a specific softening degree at high temperature without load, and is measured with a pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE) test. Refractories are classified as: [2] Super duty: PCE value of 33–38; High duty: PCE value of 30–33; Intermediate duty: PCE value of 28–30
Refractory/Insulation gunning and castable mixes [ edit ] Exfoliated vermiculite can be combined with high alumina (also known as calcium aluminate ) cements and other aggregates such as expanded shale , clay , and slate or sodium silicate to produce refractory/insulation concretes and mortars.
Therefore, research on material properties and developing high-quality cementitious materials that comply with both structural concrete codes and 3D printing applications is a current area of focus. Due to the sensitivity of a concrete mix, a change in cement type, aggregate, or admixture will impact concrete properties and behavior.
The pozzolanic activity is a measure for the degree of reaction over time or the reaction rate between a pozzolan and Ca 2+ or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH) 2) in the presence of water. The rate of the pozzolanic reaction is dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of the pozzolan such as the specific surface area , the chemical composition and ...
Considered to have twice the reactivity of most other pozzolans, metakaolin is a valuable admixture for concrete/cement applications. Replacing portland cement with 8–20 wt.% (% by weight) metakaolin produces a concrete mix that exhibits favorable engineering properties, including: the filler effect, the acceleration of OPC hydration , and ...
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