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A patient-controlled analgesia infusion pump, configured for intravenous administration of morphine for postoperative analgesia. In a hospital setting, an intravenous PCA (IV PCA) refers to an electronically controlled infusion pump that delivers an amount of analgesic when the patient presses a button. [4]
Syringe drivers are useful for delivering intravenous (IV) therapies over several minutes. They infuse solutions at a constant rate. [ 1 ] In the case of a medication which should be slowly pushed in over the course of several minutes, this device saves staff time and reduces medical errors .
In pharmacokinetics, the rate of infusion (or dosing rate) refers not just to the rate at which a drug is administered, but the desired rate at which a drug should be administered to achieve a steady state of a fixed dose which has been demonstrated to be therapeutically effective. Abbreviations include K in, [1] K 0, [2] or R 0.
Two types of pumps are available: a constant rate pump delivers the medication at a constant rate, and a programmable pump delivers the medication according to a rate determined by a computer program. Also external pumps, with or without a subcutaneous port are used for intrathecal delivery.
A 2009 review determined that, when the analyte is morphine and the limit of detection is 1 ng/ml, a 20 mg intravenous (IV) dose of morphine is detectable for 12–24 hours. A limit of detection of 0.6 ng/ml had similar results.
The use of intrathecal morphine may be limited by severe pruritus and urinary retention. [ citation needed ] Pethidine has the unusual property of being both a local anaesthetic and opioid analgesic , which occasionally permits its use as the sole intrathecal anaesthetic agent.
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A bolus delivered directly to the veins through an intravenous drip allows a much faster delivery which quickly raises the concentration of the substance in the blood to an effective level. This is typically done at the beginning of a treatment or after a removal of medicine from blood (e.g. through dialysis ).