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Alcohol misuse costs the United Kingdom's National Health Service £3 billion per year. The cost to employers is 6.4 billion pounds sterling per year. These figures do not include the crime and social problems associated with alcohol misuse. The number of women regularly drinking alcohol has almost caught up with men. [104]
More than 200 injuries and disease conditions are caused due to alcohol misuse. [82] It is a causative agent influencing maternal health and development, noncommunicable diseases (including cancer and cardiovascular diseases), injuries, violence, mental health, and infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. [83]
Chronic alcohol misuse and kindling via multiple alcohol withdrawals may lead to permanent alterations in the GABA A receptors. [27] The mechanism behind kindling is sensitization of some neuronal systems and desensitization of other neuronal systems which leads to increasingly gross neurochemical imbalances.
The remainder when dividing this number by 11 is calculated, yielding a number in the range 0–10, which would be 2 in this case. Finally, this number is subtracted from 11 to give the checksum in the range 1–11, in this case 9, which becomes the last digit of the NHS number. A checksum of 11 is represented by 0 in the final NHS number.
Alcohol intoxication leads to negative health effects due to the recent drinking of large amount of ethanol (alcohol). [6] [20] When severe it may become a medical emergency. Some effects of alcohol intoxication, such as euphoria and lowered social inhibition, are central to alcohol's desirability. [21]
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) is considered the most accurate alcohol screening tool for identifying potential alcohol misuse, including dependence. [8] It was developed by the World Health Organization, designed initially for use in primary healthcare settings with supporting guidance.
Turning Point developed out of The Camberwell Alcohol Project in South East London and was founded by Barry Richards, a London businessman, in 1964. [3] The charity was described as "one of Princess Diana's favourite charities"; she acted as its patron from 1985 to 1997. [4] In 2001, Lord Victor Adebowale became Chief Executive. [5]