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Arabic diacritics include i'jam (in Arabic: إِعْجَام , ʾiʿǧām, consonant pointing marks), the combining forms of hamza ( الهَمْزة , (al-)hamzah, a semi-consonant which may occur as diacritics) and tashkil ( تَشْكِيل , taškīl, vowel pointing diacritics).
The hamza (Arabic: هَمْزَة hamza) (ء ) is an Arabic script character that, in the Arabic alphabet, denotes a glottal stop and, in non-Arabic languages, indicates a diphthong, vowel, or other features, depending on the language.
The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt) is to provide a phonetic guide or a phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners.
UNESCO: "When reproducing foreign words it is important to include the diacritical marks that are placed in various languages above or beneath certain letters (e.g. tilde in Spanish) and that have the effect of modifying their pronunciation. However, the hamza (') and ayn (`) are not used in Arabic transliterations (Shiite, not Shi'ite)." [28]
Native Arabic long vowels: ā ī ū; Long vowels in borrowed words: ē ō; Short vowels: fatḥa is represented as a, kasra as i and ḍamma as u. (see short vowel marks) Wāw and yāʼ are represented as u and i after fatḥa: ʻain "eye", yaum "day". Non-standard Arabic consonants: p (پ), ž (ژ), g (گ) Alif maqṣūra (ى): ā
In texts with diacritical marks, the pronunciation of an aleph as a consonant is rarely indicated by a special marking, hamza in Arabic and mappiq in Tiberian Hebrew. In later Semitic languages, aleph could sometimes function as a mater lectionis indicating the presence of a vowel elsewhere (usually long). When this practice began is the ...
He also notes Chaim Rabin's (d. 1996) observation of "several statements by medieval Arabic scholars that many important Hijazis, including the prophet, would not pronounce the hamza" and quotes his point that "the most celebrated feature of the Hijaz dialect is the disappearance of the hamza, or glottal stop".
Arabic. The Quran (~650 CE). Based on the Unicode Quran document from the Sacred Texts site, maintained by John B. Hare, with several corrections. Arabic Unicode characters were mapped into ISO latin-1 characters in a vaguely phonetic way. With short vowel marks, hamza, madda but without sukuns.