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In those situations, it is useful to use a related quantity called the normalized radar cross-section (NRCS), also known as differential scattering coefficient or radar backscatter coefficient, denoted σ 0 or σ 0 ("sigma nought"), which is the average radar cross-section of a set of objects per unit area:
For basic considerations of the strength of a signal returned by a given target, the radar equation models the target as a single point in space with a given radar cross-section (RCS). The RCS is difficult to estimate except for the most basic cases, like a perpendicular surface or a sphere.
Monostatic radar cross section (RCS) of a perfectly conducting metal sphere as a function of frequency (calculated by Mie theory). In the low-frequency Rayleigh scattering limit, where the circumference is less than wavelength, the normalized RCS is σ π R 2 ∼ 9 ( k R ) 4 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {\sigma }{\pi R^{2}}}\sim 9(kR)^{4}} .
The original AN/AWG-10 can detect an aerial target with 5 square meters radar cross section more than 100 kilometers away. AN/AWG-10A is a development of the original AN/AWG-10, with great improvement in reliability and maintainability by replacing the original transmitter in AN/AWG-10 with a solid state unit whose only tube was a klystron ...
The radar frequency is also chosen in order to optimize the radar cross-section (RCS) of the envisioned target, which is frequency-dependent. Examples of propagation windows are the 3 GHz (S), 10 GHz (X), 24 GHz (K), 35 GHz (Ka), 77 GHz (W), 94 GHz (W) propagation windows.
Optical cross section (OCS) is a value which describes the maximum amount of optical flux reflected back to the source. [1] The standard unit of measurement is m 2 /sr. OCS is dependent on the geometry and the reflectivity at a particular wavelength of an object. Optical cross section is useful in fields such as LIDAR.
The AGM-129A incorporated body shaping to reduce the missile's radar cross section. The engine air intake was flush mounted on the bottom of the missile to further improve radar cross section. The jet engine exhaust was shielded by the tail and cooled by a diffuser to reduce the infrared signature of the missile.
The shooting and bouncing rays (SBR) method in computational electromagnetics was first developed for computation of radar cross section (RCS). [1] Since then, the method has been generalized to be used also for installed antenna performance. The SBR method is an approximate method applied to high frequencies.