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Hyperprolactinemia, characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin, may cause galactorrhea (production and spontaneous flow of breast milk), infertility, and menstrual disruptions in women. In men, it can lead to hypogonadism, infertility and erectile dysfunction. Prolactin is crucial for milk production during pregnancy and lactation.
Research shows that male androgenetic alopecia is the most common form of hair loss in men, affecting as much as 30 to 50 percent of men by age 50. But age isn’t the only factor involved in ...
When symptoms are present, medical therapy is the treatment of choice. Patients with hyperprolactinemia and no symptoms (idiopathic or microprolactinoma) can be monitored without treatment. Consider treatment for women with amenorrhea. In addition, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning should be considered to evaluate bone density.
The symptoms due to a prolactinoma are broadly divided into those that are caused by increased prolactin levels or mass effect. Those that are caused by increased prolactin levels are: [2] [3] Amenorrhea (disappearance of ovulation periods) Galactorrhea (Milk production; infrequent in men) Loss of axillary and pubic hair
Pattern hair loss (also known as androgenetic alopecia (AGA) [1]) is a hair loss condition that primarily affects the top and front of the scalp. [2] [3] In male-pattern hair loss (MPHL), the hair loss typically presents itself as either a receding front hairline, loss of hair on the crown and vertex of the scalp, or a combination of both.
Prolactin and its receptor are expressed in the skin, specifically in the hair follicles, where they regulate hair growth and moulting in an autocrine fashion. [29] [30] Elevated levels of prolactin can inhibit hair growth, [31] and knock-out mutations in the prolactin gene cause increased hair length in cattle [32] and mice. [30]
It is more common in women than men. [4] Symptoms of hyperandrogenism may include acne, seborrhea, hair loss on the scalp, increased body or facial hair, and infrequent or absent menstruation. [1] [2] Complications may include high blood cholesterol and diabetes. [4] It occurs in approximately 5% of women of reproductive age. [2]
A retrospective study of 303 transgender women treated with high-dose estrogen and CPA and followed for a median 4.4 years (range 6 months to 6 months to 14 years) reported occurrences of 46 cases of hyperprolactinemia (serum prolactin >1,000 mU/L) (15% incidence; 400-fold increased risk relative to cisgender males).
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