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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
Data from two states in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment System (PRAMS) show that in 2015—roughly the mid-point of the study period—10.8% of the sample used e-cigarettes in the three months prior to the pregnancy while 7.0%, 5.8%, and 1.4% used these products at the time of the pregnancy, in the first trimester, and at birth respectively. [109]
During pregnancy [16] and breastfeeding, [17] mothers are advised not to use any products containing nicotine, [18] which harms the fetus. [19] Scandinavian snus is regularly available, refrigerated, in the United States at smokeshops and select gas stations, especially in major cities.
Chewing tobacco can cause adverse reproductive effects including stillbirth, premature birth, low birth weight. [25] [28] Nicotine in chewing tobacco products that are used during pregnancy can affect how a baby's brain develops before birth. [28]
The scientific community in the United States and Europe are primarily concerned with the possible effect of electronic cigarette use on public health. [1] There is concern among public health experts that e-cigarettes could renormalize smoking, weaken measures to control tobacco, [2] and serve as a gateway for smoking among youth. [3]
Nicotine promotes the growth of blood vessels, which can supply tumors and speed tumor growth. [76] As of 2015, long-term vaping had not been assessed for malignancy in individuals with a susceptibility for tumor growth. [138] The effects of nicotine on the sympathoadrenal system could stimulate growth in cancers already present. [221]
Nicotine effect on weight appears to result from nicotine's stimulation of α3β4 nAChR receptors located in the POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and subsequently the melanocortin system, especially the melanocortin-4 receptors on second-order neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, thus modulating feeding inhibition.
Smoking during pregnancy may cause ADHD to a fetus. [61] Smoking is a risk factor strongly associated with periodontitis and tooth loss. [62] The effects of smoking on periodontal tissues depend on the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the duration of the habit.