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  2. Pseudocode - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudocode

    Pseudocode resembles skeleton programs, which can be compiled without errors. Flowcharts, drakon-charts and Unified Modelling Language (UML) charts can be thought of as a graphical alternative to pseudocode, but need more space on paper. Languages such as bridge the gap between pseudocode and code written in programming languages.

  3. International General Certificate of Secondary Education

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_General...

    Most IGCSE subjects offer a choice of tiered examinations: Core or Extended papers (in Cambridge International), and Foundation or Higher papers (in Edexcel). This is designed to make IGCSE suitable for students with varying levels of ability. In some subjects, IGCSE can be taken with or without coursework.

  4. Past paper - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_paper

    Some organizations responsible for holding exams have made past exam papers commercially available by either publishing the papers by themselves or licensing a publisher to do the same. For example, UPSC papers in India, SAT papers in U.S. and GCSE and A level papers in UK are being sold, as well as other exams worldwide.

  5. Q-learning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-learning

    The architecture introduced the term “state evaluation” in reinforcement learning. The crossbar learning algorithm, written in mathematical pseudocode in the paper, in each iteration performs the following computation: In state s perform action a; Receive consequence state s'; Compute state evaluation ⁠ (′) ⁠;

  6. Bag-of-words model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag-of-words_model

    The bag-of-words model (BoW) is a model of text which uses an unordered collection (a "bag") of words.It is used in natural language processing and information retrieval (IR).

  7. Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjan's_strongly_connected...

    Tarjan's strongly connected components algorithm is an algorithm in graph theory for finding the strongly connected components (SCCs) of a directed graph.It runs in linear time, matching the time bound for alternative methods including Kosaraju's algorithm and the path-based strong component algorithm.

  8. ELIZA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELIZA

    A conversation with Eliza. ELIZA is an early natural language processing computer program developed from 1964 to 1967 [1] at MIT by Joseph Weizenbaum. [2] [3] Created to explore communication between humans and machines, ELIZA simulated conversation by using a pattern matching and substitution methodology that gave users an illusion of understanding on the part of the program, but had no ...

  9. Travelling salesman problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_salesman_problem

    Solution of a travelling salesman problem: the black line shows the shortest possible loop that connects every red dot. In the theory of computational complexity, the travelling salesman problem (TSP) asks the following question: "Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the ...