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HyperLogLog is an algorithm for the count-distinct problem, approximating the number of distinct elements in a multiset. [1] Calculating the exact cardinality of the distinct elements of a multiset requires an amount of memory proportional to the cardinality, which is impractical for very large data sets. Probabilistic cardinality estimators ...
The cardinality or "size" of a multiset is the sum of the multiplicities of all its elements. For example, in the multiset {a, a, b, b, b, c} the multiplicities of the members a, b, and c are respectively 2, 3, and 1, and therefore the cardinality of this multiset is 6.
Let C i (for i between 1 and k) be the sum of subset i in a given partition. Instead of minimizing the objective function max(C i), one can minimize the objective function max(f(C i)), where f is any fixed function. Similarly, one can minimize the objective function sum(f(C i)), or maximize min(f(C i)), or maximize sum(f(C i)).
More generally, a collection of any sets whatsoever is called a family of sets, set family, or a set system. Additionally, a family of sets may be defined as a function from a set I {\displaystyle I} , known as the index set, to F {\displaystyle F} , in which case the sets of the family are indexed by members of I {\displaystyle I} . [ 1 ]
Equal-cardinality partition is a variant in which both parts should have an equal number of items, in addition to having an equal sum. This variant is NP-hard too. [5]: SP12 Proof. Given a standard Partition instance with some n numbers, construct an Equal-Cardinality-Partition instance by adding n zeros. Clearly, the new instance has an equal ...
In some cases a multiset in this counting sense may be generalized to allow negative values, as in Python. C++'s Standard Template Library implements both sorted and unsorted multisets. It provides the multiset class for the sorted multiset, as a kind of associative container, which implements this multiset using a self-balancing binary search ...
In mathematics, the Dershowitz–Manna ordering is a well-founded ordering on multisets named after Nachum Dershowitz and Zohar Manna.It is often used in context of termination of programs or term rewriting systems.
The goal of a cardinal assignment is to assign to every set A a specific, unique set that is only dependent on the cardinality of A. This is in accordance with Cantor 's original vision of cardinals: to take a set and abstract its elements into canonical "units" and collect these units into another set, such that the only thing special about ...