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The earliest Buddhist texts were not committed to writing until some centuries after the death of Gautama Buddha. [2] The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the Gandhāran Buddhist texts, found in Pakistan and written in Gāndhārī, [3] [4] they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE. [5]
The manuscripts were written in the Gāndhārī language using the Kharoṣṭhī script and are therefore sometimes also called the Kharoṣṭhī Manuscripts. The collection is composed of a diversity of texts: a Dhammapada, discourses of the Buddha such as the Rhinoceros Sutra, avadanas and Purvayogas, commentaries and abhidharma texts.
Jikji was published in Heungdeok Temple in 1377, 78 years prior to Johannes Gutenberg's acclaimed "42-Line Bible" printed during the years 1452–1455. [3] [4] The greater part of the Jikji is now lost; today only the last volume survives, and is kept at the Manuscrits Orientaux division of the National Library of France (BnF). [4]
The oldest such manuscripts are the numerous Gandhāran Buddhist texts from approximately the 1st century CE, from what is now Afghanistan. They contain among the earliest known versions of significant Buddhist scriptures, including a Dhammapada , discourses of Buddha that include the Rhinoceros Sutra , Avadanas and Abhidharma texts.
The manuscript was found in 1952 at Jabal Abu Mana near Dishna (Egypt). [12] The preservation level of 𝔓 66 surprised scholars because the first 26 leaves were basically fully intact, and even the stitching of the binding remained.
Restored Mogao Christian painting, possibly a representation of Jesus Christ.The original work dates back to the 9th century. The Jingjiao Documents (Chinese: 景教經典; pinyin: Jǐngjiào jīngdiǎn; also known as the Nestorian Documents or the Jesus Sutras) are a collection of Chinese language texts connected with the 7th-century mission of Alopen, a Church of the East bishop from ...
He argues that it also incorporates teachings that precede the Buddha, and that the later teachings were memorized by the Buddha's followers while he was still alive. His thesis is based on study of the processes of the first great council, and the methods for memorization used by the monks, which started during the Buddha's lifetime.
The Nepalese canon, particularly its Buddhist Sanskrit literature has also been very important for modern Buddhist studies scholarship since it contains many surviving Sanskrit manuscripts. The Mongolian Buddhist canon (mostly a translation from the Tibetan into Classical Mongolian ) is also important in Mongolian Buddhism .