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Prior to 9/11, 3% of firefighters had below-normal lung function, one year after 9/11 nearly 19% did, and six years later it stabilized at 13%. Ten to 14 days after acute exposure to some agents (e.g. ammonia, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, mercury), some patients develop bronchiolitis obliterans progressing to ARDS.
The term immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) is defined by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as exposure to airborne contaminants that is "likely to cause death or immediate or delayed permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment." Examples include smoke or other ...
Air pollution exposure can be measured for a person, a group, such as a neighborhood or a country's children, or an entire population. For example, one would want to determine a geographic area's exposure to a dangerous air pollution, taking into account the various microenvironments and age groups.
The National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) are air pollution standards issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The standards, authorized by the Clean Air Act, are for pollutants not covered by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that may cause an increase in fatalities or in serious, irreversible, or incapacitating illness.
Exposure to sulfur dioxide emissions by coal power plants (coal PM 2.5) in the US was associated with 2.1 times greater mortality risk than exposure to PM 2.5 from all sources. [52] Meanwhile, the Southern Hemisphere had much lower concentrations due to being much less densely populated, with an estimated 90% of the human population in the north.
Annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.19: Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) Primary and Secondary 0.053 ppm (100 μg/m 3) annual Annual mean 40 CFR 50.11: Primary 0.100 ppm (188 μg/m 3) 1-hour 98th percentile of 1-hour daily maximum, averaged over 3 years 40 CFR 50.11: Lead (Pb) Primary and Secondary 0 ...
High CO levels build up in the pulmonary region over several hours, and equilibrate with inhaled CO concentrations. Exposure to carbon monoxide is dangerous because of its toxic, odorless nature. Since the gas takes time to build up in the pulmonary region, an inhaled concentration of 600 ppm would cause a headache and reduce mental capacity ...
For example, 25% of African American men have 6.67% or greater increased risk of fatal cardiovascular disease while only 10% of the white men have the same level of increased risk. [43] Furthermore, one county-level study found that median income and education level were the most significant factors associated with the cardiovascular diseases ...