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The significant theories of emotion can be divided into three primary categories: physiological, [5] neurological, [6] and cognitive. [7] Physiological theories imply that activity within the body can be accountable for emotions. [8] Neurological theories suggest that activity within the brain leads to emotional responses. [6]
Robert Plutchik agreed with Ekman's biologically driven perspective but developed the "wheel of emotions", suggesting eight primary emotions grouped on a positive or negative basis: joy versus sadness; anger versus fear; trust versus disgust; and surprise versus anticipation. [46] Some basic emotions can be modified to form complex emotions.
The expressions of emotion that Ekman noted as most universal based on research are: anger, fear, disgust, sadness, and enjoyment. [ 5 ] A common view is that facial expressions initially served a non-communicative adaptive function.
He was ranked 59th out of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the twentieth century in 2002 by the Review of General Psychology. [3] His empirical and theoretical work helped to restart the study of emotion and non-verbal communication in the field of psychology, and introduced new quantitative frameworks which researchers could use to do so.
Emotion classification, the means by which one may distinguish or contrast one emotion from another, is a contested issue in emotion research and in affective science. Researchers have approached the classification of emotions from one of two fundamental viewpoints: [citation needed] that emotions are discrete and fundamentally different constructs
Since then, the idea of the seven basic emotions (i.e., happiness, sadness, anger, contempt, fear, disgust, and surprise) has ignited debate about the origins of emotion. [11] In the early 1960s, Silvan Tomkins' Affect Theory built upon Darwin's research, arguing that facial expressions are biological and universal manifestations of emotions.
[7] [8] Some theories about emotion consider emotions to be biologically basic and stable across people and cultures. [2] [9] [10] These are often called "basic emotion" perspectives because they view emotion as biologically basic. From this perspective, an individual's emotional expressions are sufficient to determine a person's internal ...
Perceive emotions in oneself and others accurately; Use emotions to facilitate thinking; Understand emotions, emotional language, and the signals conveyed by emotions; Manage emotions so as to attain specific goals; Each branch describes a set of skills that make up overall emotional intelligence, ranging from low to high complexity.