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Many mechanisms exist reflecting the myriad types of cross-couplings, including those that do not require metal catalysts. [7] Often, however, cross-coupling refers to a metal-catalyzed reaction of a nucleophilic partner with an electrophilic partner. Mechanism proposed for Kumada coupling (L = Ligand, Ar = Aryl).
The most common type of coupling reaction is the cross coupling reaction. [1] [2] [3] Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, and Akira Suzuki were awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for developing palladium-catalyzed cross coupling reactions. [4] [5] Broadly speaking, two types of coupling reactions are recognized:
Pd-BrettPhos complexes catalyze the coupling of weak nucleophiles with aryl halides. Such catalysts are selective for the monoarylation of primary amines. Other applications of BrettPhos in catalysis include trifluoromethylation of aryl chlorides, [45] the formation of aryl trifluoromethyl sulfides, [46] and Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings. [47]
The Liebeskind–Srogl coupling reaction is an organic reaction forming a new carbon–carbon bond from a thioester and a boronic acid using a metal catalyst. It is a cross-coupling reaction . [ 1 ] This reaction was invented by and named after Jiri Srogl from the Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic, and Lanny S. Liebeskind from Emory ...
Some of the cross-coupling reactions that include a transmetalation step are Stille cross-coupling, Suzuki cross-coupling, Sonogashira cross-coupling, and Negishi cross-coupling. The most useful cross-coupling catalysts tend to be ones that contain palladium. Cross-coupling reactions have the general form of R′–X + M–R → R′–R + M ...
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This reaction is notable for using organolithiums as opposed to other cross-coupling reactions which utilize various metal-carbon compounds (metal = tin, magnesium, boron, silicon, zinc). Since the production of these other coupling reagents relies heavily upon organolithiums (especially in the case of organozinc and organomagnesium compounds ...
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