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Degenerative spondylolisthesis at L5-S1. (A) CT sagittal view of a low grade slip. (B) Lateral radiograph pre-operative intervention. (C) Surgically treated with L5–S1 decompression, instrumented fusion and placement of an interbody graft between L5 and S1. Both minimally invasive and open surgical techniques are used to treat anterolisthesis ...
These cannot be determined by plain films, as the x-ray passes through the soft tissue. A study by Giles et al., stated that sixteen of the thirty patients (53%) had retrolisthesis of L5 on S1 ranging from 2–9 mm; these patients had either intervertebral disc bulging or protrusion on CT examination ranging from 3–7 mm into the spinal canal.
The lumbar vertebrae are located between the thoracic vertebrae and pelvis. They form the lower part of the back in humans, and the tail end of the back in quadrupeds. In humans, there are five lumbar vertebrae. The term is used to describe the anatomy of humans and quadrupeds, such as horses, pigs, or cattle.
The radiation is more attenuated (absorbed) by the denser tissues of the body (i.e. bone) than the softer tissues (i.e. muscles, organs, etc.) creating a picture composed of shades of grey ranging from white to black. A vertebra with a fracture or defect of the pars interarticularis will have a dark mark through this region of bone.
It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower. [1] [2] The upper end of the conus medullaris is usually not well defined, however, its corresponding spinal cord segments are usually S1–S5. After the spinal cord tapers out, the spinal nerves continue to branch out diagonally, forming the cauda equina. [1]
A disc herniation or spinal disc herniation is an injury to the intervertebral disc between two vertebrae, usually caused by excessive strain or trauma to the spine.It may result in back pain, pain or sensation in different parts of the body, and physical disability.
The posterior longitudinal ligament is situated within the vertebral canal.It extends across the posterior surfaces of the bodies of the vertebrae. [1] It extends superoinferiorly between the body of the axis superiorly, [1] and (sources differ) the sacrum and possibly the coccyx [1] or upper sacral canal [2] inferiorly.
[2]: 45 It is thicker and broader in the lumbar region than in the thoracic region, and intimately blended with the neighboring fascia in both these regions. [3] Inferior to L4, the supraspinous ligament becomes indistinct, lost amid the prominent lumbar fascia. [4] J: Supraspinous ligament