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In mathematics, factorization (or factorisation, see English spelling differences) or factoring consists of writing a number or another mathematical object as a product of several factors, usually smaller or simpler objects of the same kind. For example, 3 × 5 is an integer factorization of 15, and (x – 2)(x + 2) is a polynomial ...
For example, if n = 171 × p × q where p < q are very large primes, trial division will quickly produce the factors 3 and 19 but will take p divisions to find the next factor. As a contrasting example, if n is the product of the primes 13729, 1372933, and 18848997161, where 13729 × 1372933 = 18848997157, Fermat's factorization method will ...
The resulting inference rule is refutation-complete, [6] in that a set of clauses is unsatisfiable if and only if there exists a derivation of the empty clause using only resolution, enhanced by factoring. An example for an unsatisfiable clause set for which factoring is needed to derive the empty clause is:
The FOIL rule converts a product of two binomials into a sum of four (or fewer, if like terms are then combined) monomials. [6] The reverse process is called factoring or factorization . In particular, if the proof above is read in reverse it illustrates the technique called factoring by grouping .
For example, to factor =, the first try for a is the square root of 5959 rounded up to the next integer, which is 78. Then b 2 = 78 2 − 5959 = 125 {\displaystyle b^{2}=78^{2}-5959=125} . Since 125 is not a square, a second try is made by increasing the value of a by 1.
The factorizations are often not unique in the sense that the unit could be absorbed into any other factor with exponent equal to one. The entry 4+2i = −i(1+i) 2 (2+i), for example, could also be written as 4+2i= (1+i) 2 (1−2i). The entries in the table resolve this ambiguity by the following convention: the factors are primes in the right ...
In number theory, a branch of mathematics, the special number field sieve (SNFS) is a special-purpose integer factorization algorithm. The general number field sieve (GNFS) was derived from it. The special number field sieve is efficient for integers of the form r e ± s , where r and s are small (for instance Mersenne numbers ).
If two or more factors of a polynomial are identical, then the polynomial is a multiple of the square of this factor. The multiple factor is also a factor of the polynomial's derivative (with respect to any of the variables, if several). For univariate polynomials, multiple factors are equivalent to multiple roots (over a suitable extension field).