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Animation depicting the process of completing the square. (Details, animated GIF version)In elementary algebra, completing the square is a technique for converting a quadratic polynomial of the form + + to the form + for some values of and . [1]
In elementary algebra, factoring a polynomial reduces the problem of finding its roots to finding the roots of the factors. Polynomials with coefficients in the integers or in a field possess the unique factorization property, a version of the fundamental theorem of arithmetic with prime numbers replaced by irreducible polynomials.
For most students, factoring by inspection is the first method of solving quadratic equations to which they are exposed. [ 6 ] : 202–207 If one is given a quadratic equation in the form x 2 + bx + c = 0 , the sought factorization has the form ( x + q )( x + s ) , and one has to find two numbers q and s that add up to b and whose product is c ...
The quadratic equation on a number can be solved using the well-known quadratic formula, which can be derived by completing the square. That formula always gives the roots of the quadratic equation, but the solutions are expressed in a form that often involves a quadratic irrational number, which is an algebraic fraction that can be evaluated ...
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A simplified version of the LLL factorization algorithm is as follows: calculate a complex (or p-adic) root α of the polynomial () to high precision, then use the Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász lattice basis reduction algorithm to find an approximate linear relation between 1, α, α 2, α 3, . . . with integer coefficients, which might be an ...
A similar but more complicated method works for cubic equations, which have three resolvents and a quadratic equation (the "resolving polynomial") relating and , which one can solve by the quadratic equation, and similarly for a quartic equation (degree 4), whose resolving polynomial is a cubic, which can in turn be solved. [14]
The principle of the number field sieve (both special and general) can be understood as an improvement to the simpler rational sieve or quadratic sieve. When using such algorithms to factor a large number n, it is necessary to search for smooth numbers (i.e. numbers with small prime factors) of order n 1/2.