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In computer programming, machine code is computer code consisting of machine language instructions, which are used to control a computer's central processing unit (CPU). For conventional binary computers , machine code is the binary representation of a computer program which is actually read and interpreted by the computer.
In processor design, microcode serves as an intermediary layer situated between the central processing unit (CPU) hardware and the programmer-visible instruction set architecture of a computer, also known as its machine code.
The processor boots up using a set of microcode held inside the processor and stored in an internal ROM. [1] A microcode update populates a separate SRAM and set of "match registers" that act as breakpoints within the microcode ROM, to allow jumping to the updated list of micro-operations in the SRAM. [1]
A modern consumer CPU made by Intel: An Intel Core i9-14900KF Inside a central processing unit: The integrated circuit of Intel's Xeon 3060, first manufactured in 2006. A central processing unit (CPU), also called a central processor, main processor, or just processor, is the primary processor in a given computer.
An oversimplification of how a kernel connects application software to the hardware of a computer. A kernel is a computer program at the core of a computer's operating system that always has complete control over everything in the system.
As originally used, firmware contrasted with hardware (the CPU itself) and software (normal instructions executing on a CPU). It was not composed of CPU machine instructions, but of lower-level microcode involved in the implementation of machine instructions. It existed on the boundary between hardware and software; thus the name firmware.
A computer language is a formal language used to communicate with a computer. Types of computer languages include: Construction language – all forms of communication by which a human can specify an executable problem solution to a computer. Command language – a language used to control the tasks of the computer itself, such as starting programs
2GL—second-generation programming language; 2NF—second normal form; 3GL—third-generation programming language; 3GPP—3rd Generation Partnership Project – 3G comms; 3GPP2—3rd Generation Partnership Project 2; 3NF—third normal form; 386—Intel 80386 processor; 486—Intel 80486 processor; 4B5BLF—4-bit 5-bit local fiber