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Penrose diagram of an infinite Minkowski universe, horizontal axis u, vertical axis v. In theoretical physics, a Penrose diagram (named after mathematical physicist Roger Penrose) is a two-dimensional diagram capturing the causal relations between different points in spacetime through a conformal treatment of infinity.
One of the unanswered questions about the universe is whether it is infinite or finite in extent. For intuition, it can be understood that a finite universe has a finite volume that, for example, could be in theory filled with a finite amount of material, while an infinite universe is unbounded and no numerical volume could possibly fill it.
Table of Shapes Section Sub-Section Sup-Section Name Algebraic Curves ¿ Curves ¿ Curves: Cubic Plane Curve: Quartic Plane Curve: Rational Curves: Degree 2: Conic Section(s) Unit Circle: Unit Hyperbola: Degree 3: Folium of Descartes: Cissoid of Diocles: Conchoid of de Sluze: Right Strophoid: Semicubical Parabola: Serpentine Curve: Trident ...
The boundary of a cell is the system of edges that touch it, and the boundary of an edge is the set of vertices that touch it (one vertex for a ray and two for a line segment). The system of objects of all three types, linked by this boundary operator, form a cell complex covering the plane.
Euclidean space has parallel lines which extend infinitely while remaining equidistant. In non-Euclidean spaces, lines perpendicular to a traversal either converge or diverge. A two-dimensional space is a mathematical space with two dimensions , meaning points have two degrees of freedom : their locations can be locally described with two ...
All of the curves are circles: the curves that intersect 0,0,0,1 have an infinite radius (= straight line). In mathematics , an n -sphere or hypersphere is an n {\displaystyle n} - dimensional generalization of the 1 {\displaystyle 1} -dimensional circle and 2 {\displaystyle 2} -dimensional sphere to any non-negative ...
In this map of the Observable Universe, objects appear enlarged to show their shape. From left to right celestial bodies are arranged according to their proximity to the Earth. This horizontal (distance to Earth) scale is logarithmic.
This is a list of two-dimensional geometric shapes in Euclidean and other geometries. For mathematical objects in more dimensions, see list of mathematical shapes. For a broader scope, see list of shapes.