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The Three Levels of Leadership model attempts to combine the strengths of older leadership theories (i.e. traits, behavioral/styles, situational, functional) while addressing their limitations and, at the same time, offering a foundation for leaders wanting to apply the philosophies of servant leadership and "authentic leadership". [2]
Task-oriented and relationship-oriented leadership are two models which are often compared, as they are known to produce varying outcomes under different circumstances. Task-oriented (or task-focused) leadership is a behavioral approach in which the leader focuses on the tasks that need to be performed in order to meet certain goals, or to ...
This advent allowed trait theorists to create a comprehensive picture of previous leadership research rather than rely on the qualitative reviews of the past. Equipped with new methods, leadership researchers revealed the following: Individuals can and do emerge as leaders across a variety of situations and tasks. [35]
The authors created this model to be broad and flexible as to diverge from how the relationship between traits and leadership had been studied in past research. [8] Another model that has emerged in the trait leadership literature is the Integrated Model of Leader Traits, Behaviors, and Effectiveness. [3]
In the mid-1970s, a great deal of research was dedicated to the contingency model and path-goal theory. [5] The contingency model stated that various leadership styles would be more or less effective depending on the situation. [6] (Den Hartog & Koopman, 2001; Fiedler, 1965).
The Functional theory of leadership emphasizes how an organization or task is being led rather than who has been formally assigned a leadership role. In the functional leadership model, leadership does not rest with one person but rests on a set of behaviors by the group that gets things done. Any group member can perform these behaviors so ...
A Personal practice model (PPM) is a social work tool for understanding and linking theories to each other and to the practical tasks of social work. Mullen [1] describes the PPM as “the art and science of social work”, or more prosaically, “an explicit conceptual scheme that expresses a worker's view of practice”. A worker should ...
The Michigan leadership studies, along with the Ohio State University studies that took place in the 1940s, are two of the best-known behavioral leadership studies and continue to be cited to this day. These theories attempt to isolate behaviours that differentiate effective leaders from ineffective leaders.