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The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (UK: / uː ˈ m aɪ j æ d /, [2] US: / uː ˈ m aɪ æ d /; [3] Arabic: ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, romanized: al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) [4] was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
The Emirate of Córdoba, from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Its territory comprised most of the Iberian Peninsula (known to Muslims as al-Andalus), the Balearic Islands, and parts of North Africa, with its capital in Córdoba (at the time Qurṭubah).
The Umayyad dynasty (Arabic: بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ, romanized: Banū Umayya, lit. 'Sons of Umayya') or Umayyads (Arabic: الأمويون, romanized: al-Umawiyyūn) were the ruling family of the Syria-based Umayyad Caliphate in 661–750 and the Emirate and later Caliphate of Córdoba in 756–1031.
Re-establishing Umayyad rule across the Caliphate was the major priority of Abd al-Malik. [31] His initial focus was the reconquest of Iraq, the Caliphate's wealthiest province. [ 28 ] Iraq was also home to a large population of Arab tribesmen, [ 28 ] the group from which the Caliphate derived the bulk of its troops. [ 33 ]
The first incursion by Arabs in India occurred around 636/7 AD, during the Rashidun Caliphate, long before any Arab Army reached the frontier of India by land. [15] Uthman ibn Abi al-As al-Thaqafi, the governor of Bahrain and Oman, had dispatched the naval expeditions against the ports and positions of the Sasanian Empire, and further east to the borders of India. [16]
1027 – Hisham III becomes Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba. 1028 – Alfonso V, king of Asturias and León, lays siege to Viseu but is killed by a bolt from the walls. The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls. 1031 – The Moorish Caliphate of Córdoba falls. Hisham III, the last of the Umayyad Caliphs disappears into obscurity.
Marwan ibn al-Hakam ibn Abi al-As ibn Umayya (Arabic: مروان بن الحكم بن أبي العاص بن أمية, romanized: Marwān ibn al-Ḥakam ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ ibn Umayya; 623 or 626 – April/May 685), commonly known as Marwan I, was the fourth Umayyad caliph, ruling for less than a year in 684–685.
Al-Walid II was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until his death in the year 744. Yazid III was the twelfth Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from 15 April to 3 or 4 October 744, and died in that office. Marwan II was the fourteenth and last Umayyad caliph, ruling from 744 until his death in 750. "Abbasid Caliphate"