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The eruptions continued for roughly two million years and spanned the Permian–Triassic boundary, or P–T boundary, which occurred around 251.9 million years ago. The Siberian Traps are believed to be the primary cause of the Permian–Triassic extinction event , the most severe extinction event in the geologic record.
This eruption was the largest in at least 1,300 years (after the hypothesized eruption causing the volcanic winter of 536); its effect on the climate may have been exacerbated by the 1814 eruption of Mayon in the Philippines. The significant amount of volcanic ash and gases released into the atmosphere blocked sunlight, leading to global cooling.
The modeled climate effects of the Toba eruption hinges on the mass of sulfurous gases and aerosol microphysical processes. Modeling on an emission of 8.5 × 10 14 g of sulfur, which is 100 times the 1991 Pinatubo sulphur , volcanic winter has a maximum global mean cooling of 3.5 °C (6.3 °F) and returns gradually within the range of natural ...
Known as a super eruption for its magnitude, the event emptied out enough volcanic material to produce the 30-by-40-mile-wide caldera. The National Park Service said the eruption covered an area ...
A volcanic eruption is essentially the only natural way for short-lived – less than a few years – gases like sulfur dioxide and water vapor to make it into the stratosphere.
The cause of the Tr-J extinction event may have been extensive volcanic eruptions in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), [8] which released large amounts of carbon dioxide into the Earth's atmosphere, [9] [10] causing profound global warming [11] along with ocean acidification. [12]
A previous study focusing on the slopes of Sicily’s Mount Etna, an active volcano, found that goats – who are taking part in this study, too – became nervous before an eruption and would ...
They are one of the largest volcanic features on Earth, taking the form of a large shield volcano. [2] They consist of many layers of solidified flood basalt that together are more than about 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) thick, cover an area of about 500,000 square kilometres (200,000 sq mi), [ 3 ] and have a volume of about 1,000,000 cubic ...