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The technology was standardized in 1982 [1] as IEEE 802.3. 10BASE5 uses a thick and stiff coaxial cable [2] up to 500 meters (1,600 ft) in length. Up to 100 stations can be connected to the cable using vampire taps and share a single collision domain with 10 Mbit/s of bandwidth shared among them.
The FC-0 standard defines what encoding scheme is to be used (8b/10b or 64b/66b) in a Fibre Channel system [8] – higher speed variants typically use 64b/66b to optimize bandwidth efficiency (since bandwidth overhead is 20% in 8b/10b versus approximately 3% (~ 2/66) in 64b/66b systems).
The 3GPP specification work is done in Technical Specification Groups (TSGs) and Working Groups (WGs). [23] There are three Technical Specifications Groups, each of which consists of multiple WGs: RAN (Radio Access Network): RAN specifies the UTRAN and the E-UTRAN. It is composed of six working groups.
Other umbrella terms used to describe the concept include trunking, [1] bundling, [2] bonding, [1] channeling [3] or teaming. Implementation may follow vendor-independent standards such as Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) for Ethernet , defined in IEEE 802.1AX or the previous IEEE 802.3ad , but also proprietary protocols .
The new layer-2 configuration protocols work with backward-compatible extensions to the Ethernet 802.1 frame format; such minimal changes allow AVB devices to coexist and communicate in standard IT networks, however, only AVB-capable switches and endpoint can reserve network resources with admission control and synchronize local time to a ...
the technical details of the network’s capabilities. [1] [2] Planning a new network/service involves implementing the new system across the first four layers of the OSI Reference Model. [1] Choices must be made for the protocols and transmission technologies. [1] [2] The network planning process involves three main steps:
Multi-link trunking (MLT) is a link aggregation technology developed at Nortel in 1999. It allows grouping several physical Ethernet links into one logical Ethernet link to provide fault-tolerance and high-speed links between routers, switches, and servers.
Profinet implements the interfacing to peripherals. [1] [2] It defines the communication with field connected peripheral devices.Its basis is a cascading real-time concept. Profinet defines the entire data exchange between controllers (called "IO-Controllers") and the devices (called "IO-Devices"), as well as parameter setting and diagnosi