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Helicity is a pseudo-scalar quantity: it changes sign under change from a right-handed to a left-handed frame of reference; it can be considered as a measure of the handedness (or chirality) of the flow. Helicity is one of the four known integral invariants of the Euler equations; the other three are energy, momentum and angular momentum.
7 Properties of aqueous ethanol solutions. 8 Boiling points of aqueous solutions. 9 Charts. 10 References. Toggle the table of contents. ... Uses formula = + [10] Log ...
In chemistry, the rate equation (also known as the rate law or empirical differential rate equation) is an empirical differential mathematical expression for the reaction rate of a given reaction in terms of concentrations of chemical species and constant parameters (normally rate coefficients and partial orders of reaction) only. [1]
The relative activity of a species i, denoted a i, is defined [4] [5] as: = where μ i is the (molar) chemical potential of the species i under the conditions of interest, μ o i is the (molar) chemical potential of that species under some defined set of standard conditions, R is the gas constant, T is the thermodynamic temperature and e is the exponential constant.
In metallurgy, the Darken equations are used to describe the solid-state diffusion of materials in binary solutions. They were first described by Lawrence Stamper Darken in 1948. [ 1 ] The equations apply to cases where a solid solution's two components do not have the same coefficient of diffusion .
The equation can only be applied when the purged volume of vapor or gas is replaced with "clean" air or gas. For example, the equation can be used to calculate the time required at a certain ventilation rate to reduce a high carbon monoxide concentration in a room.
The helicity of a particle is positive (" right-handed") if the direction of its spin is the same as the direction of its motion and negative ("left-handed") if opposite. Helicity is conserved. [1] That is, the helicity commutes with the Hamiltonian, and thus, in the absence of external forces, is time-invariant. It is also rotationally ...
In equation 2, k t-BuCl, 80% EtOH stands for the rate constant of t-BuCl reaction in 80% aqueous Ethanol, which is chosen as the reference. The variable k t -BuCl, sol stands for the rate constant of the same reaction in a different solvent system, such as ethanol-water, methanol-water, and acetic acid - formic acid .