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Napoleon Bonaparte [b] (born Napoleone Buonaparte; [1] [c] 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French general and statesman who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of military campaigns across Europe during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
Napoleon brought political stability to a land torn by revolution and war. He made peace with the Catholic Church and reversed the most radical religious policies of the National Convention . In 1804, Napoleon promulgated the Civil Code , a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society.
The term is distinct from "French Revolutionary Wars", which covers any war involving Revolutionary France between 1792 and 1799, when Napoleon seized power with the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799), which is usually considered the end of the French Revolution.
Historians often see the impact of the Revolution as through the institutions and ideas exported by Napoleon. Economic historians Dan Bogart, Mauricio Drelichman, Oscar Gelderblom, and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal describe Napoleon's codified law as the French Revolution's "most significant export."
Napoleon sailed from Toulon to Alexandria, taking Malta on the way, and landing in June. Marching to Cairo, he won a great victory at the Battle of the Pyramids; however, his fleet was sunk by Nelson at the Battle of the Nile, stranding him in Egypt. Napoleon spent the remainder of the year consolidating his position in Egypt. [18]
In 1799, Napoleon took power in France and continued the French Revolutionary Wars by conquering most of continental Europe. Although Napoleon imposed on his conquests several modern concepts such as equality before the law, or a civil code, his rigorous military occupation triggered national rebellions, notably in Spain and Germany.
– The 13 Vendémiaire, republican coronation of Napoleon; Hibbert, Christopher – The Days of the French Revolution, 384 pages, ISBN 0-688-16978-3; Israel, Jonathan (2015), Revolutionary Ideas: An Intellectual History of the French Revolution from The Rights of Man to Robespierre, Oxford&Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0691169712
(Napoleon V) 1879–1891 (disputed) 9 September 1822, Trieste Son of Jérôme, King of Westphalia and Catharina of Württemberg: Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy 30 January 1859 3 children: 17 March 1891 Rome Aged 68 Victor, Prince Napoléon (Napoleon V) 1879–1926 (disputed until 1891) 18 July 1862, Palais-Royal Son of Prince Napoléon Bonaparte