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  2. Magic number (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_number_(physics)

    An example is calcium-40, with 20 neutrons and 20 protons, which is the heaviest stable isotope made of the same number of protons and neutrons. Both calcium-48 and nickel -48 are doubly magic because calcium-48 has 20 protons and 28 neutrons while nickel-48 has 28 protons and 20 neutrons.

  3. Fundamental interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

    Gravitation also explains astronomical phenomena on more modest scales, such as planetary orbits, as well as everyday experience: objects fall; heavy objects act as if they were glued to the ground, and animals can only jump so high. Gravitation was the first interaction to be described mathematically.

  4. Nuclear astrophysics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_astrophysics

    Nuclear physics experiments address stability (i.e., lifetimes and masses) for atomic nuclei well beyond the regime of stable nuclides into the realm of radioactive/unstable nuclei, almost to the limits of bound nuclei (the drip lines), and under high density (up to neutron star matter) and high temperature (plasma temperatures up to 10 9 K ...

  5. Nuclear physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics

    Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.. Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the atom as a whole, including its electrons.

  6. Shape of the atomic nucleus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_atomic_nucleus

    In general, their ground states tend towards a prolate shape, [33] although experimental data hint at oblate ground-state shapes in certain nuclei, for example krypton-72. [34] Experiments also suggest that some heavy nuclei, such as barium-144 and radium-224, possess asymmetric pear shapes evidenced by their measured octupole moments.

  7. Nuclear structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_structure

    For example, observations of unstable isotopes have shown shifting and even a reordering of the single particle levels of which the shell structure is composed. [8] This is sometimes observed as the creation of an island of inversion or in the reduction of excitation energy gaps above the traditional magic numbers.

  8. Gravitational field - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_field

    The gravitational field equation is [7] = = = | | =, where F is the gravitational force, m is the mass of the test particle, R is the radial vector of the test particle relative to the mass (or for Newton's second law of motion which is a time dependent function, a set of positions of test particles each occupying a particular point in space ...

  9. Graviton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

    The graviton must be a spin-2 boson because the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor, a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-order tensor). Additionally, it can be shown that any massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force indistinguishable from ...

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