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A longitudinal study (or longitudinal survey, or panel study) is a research design that involves repeated observations of the same variables (e.g., people) over long periods of time (i.e., uses longitudinal data). It is often a type of observational study, although it can also be structured as longitudinal randomized experiment. [1]
The National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 (NLS-72) was a comprehensive study conducted to track the educational, vocational, and personal development of high school seniors who graduated in 1972. NLS-72 was implemented by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), a division of the U.S. Department of Education.
As online education has become the dominant form of distance education, new theories are emerging that combine elements of constructivism and technology. Siemens' Connectivism "is the integration of principles explored by chaos, network, and complexity and self-organization theories".(p. 5 [ 38 ] ) Connectivism places knowledge in "diversity of ...
Distance education, also known as distance learning, is the education of students who may not always be physically present at school, [1] [2] or where the learner and the teacher are separated in both time and distance. [3]
A cohort study is a particular form of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (a group of people who share a defining characteristic, typically those who experienced a common event in a selected period, such as birth or graduation), performing a cross-section at intervals through time.
The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), the newest survey in the NLS program, is a sample of 8,984 young men and women born during the years 1980 through 1984 and living in the United States when first interviewed. Survey respondents were ages 12 to 17 when first interviewed in 1997.
Case–control study versus cohort on a timeline. "OR" stands for "odds ratio" and "RR" stands for "relative risk". A prospective cohort study is a longitudinal cohort study that follows over time a group of similar individuals ( cohorts ) who differ with respect to certain factors under study to determine how these factors affect rates of a ...
International English Language Testing System (IELTS / ˈ aɪ. ɛ l t s /) [6] is an international standardized test of English language proficiency for non-native English language speakers. It is jointly managed by the British Council, IDP and Cambridge English, [6] and was established in 1989. IELTS is one of the major English-language tests ...