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Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a 660 kDa, dimeric glycoprotein produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid and used entirely within the thyroid gland. Tg is secreted and accumulated at hundreds of grams per litre in the extracellular compartment of the thyroid follicles, accounting for approximately half of the protein content of the thyroid gland. [5]
They are selenocysteine-dependent membrane proteins with a catalytic domain resembling peroxiredoxins (Prx). [1] Three related isoforms, deiodinase type I, II, and III, contribute to activation and inactivation of the initially released hormone precursor T 4 ( thyroxine ) into T 3 ( triiodothyronine ) or rT 3 ( reverse triiodothyronine ) in ...
Iodide is also an important micronutrient in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormone, creating a cycle of iodide use in the thyroid. [14] Iodide homeostasis within the thyroid gland is essential for producing thyroid hormone at appropriate rates. Thus, iodide levels must be regulated in order to keep thyroid hormones, and ultimately the organism's ...
T 3 is the more metabolically active hormone produced from T 4.T 4 is deiodinated by three deiodinase enzymes to produce the more-active triiodothyronine: . Type I present in liver, kidney, thyroid, and (to a lesser extent) pituitary; it accounts for 80% of the deiodination of T 4.
Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a globulin protein encoded by the SERPINA7 gene in humans. TBG binds thyroid hormones in circulation. It is one of three transport proteins (along with transthyretin and serum albumin) responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T 4) and triiodothyronine (T 3) in the bloodstream.
Thyroid peroxidase, also called thyroperoxidase (TPO), thyroid specific peroxidase or iodide peroxidase, is an enzyme expressed mainly in the thyroid where it is secreted into colloid. Thyroid peroxidase oxidizes iodide ions to form iodine atoms for addition onto tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin for the production of thyroxine (T 4 ) or ...
The highest concentrations of heavy metals were found in organic, plant-based, and these types of protein powders. Some protein powders contain cancer-causing toxins, new study shows, and these 3 ...
Aflatoxins were not found in liver samples of individuals with marasmus. [25] It has been known that the liver organ is the main target of aflatoxins and chronic toxicity can result in immunosuppressive and carcinogenic effects. [25] However, there is currently conflicting evidence to pinpoint a connection between kwashiorkor and aflatoxins.