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These are termed "insensible fluid losses" as they cannot be easily measured. Some sources say insensible losses account for 500 to 650 ml/day (0.5 to 0.6 qt.) of water in adults, [12] [14] while other sources put the minimum value at 800 ml (0.8 qt.). [15] In children, one calculation used for insensible fluid loss is 400 ml/m 2 body surface area.
Drowning is a leading cause of unintentional injury and death worldwide, and the highest rates are among children. Overall, drowning is the most common fatal injury among children aged 1–4 years in the USA, [8] and is the second highest cause of death altogether in that age range, after congenital defects. [9] [10]
Insensible perspiration, also known as transepidermal water loss, is the passive vapour diffusion of water through the epidermis. Insensible perspiration takes place at an almost constant rate and reflects evaporative loss from the epithelial cells of the skin. [1] Unlike sweating, the lost fluid is pure without additional solutes. For this ...
Excess free water or hypotonic water can leave the body in two ways – sensible loss such as osmotic diuresis, sweating, vomiting and diarrhea, and insensible water loss, occurring mainly through the skin and respiratory tract. In humans, dehydration can be caused by a wide range of diseases and states that impair water homeostasis in the body ...
Web corpus searches show that the acronym TEWL is about 40 times more common than TWL in reference to transepidermal water loss. A large advantage of TEWL is that it has higher specificity to that sense than does TWL, which has more alternative senses, including, most importantly, two other senses having to do with evaporation of body water: thermal work limit (TWL), which is the highest ...
Infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) is the leading cause of death in premature infants. [38] Despite only 1% of all birth complications being attributed to respiratory distress syndrome, there is a significantly higher prevalence in prematurely born babies. [ 39 ]
Transient tachypnea of the newborn occurs in approximately 1 in 100 preterm infants and 3.6–5.7 per 1000 term infants. It is most common in infants born by caesarian section without a trial of labor after 35 weeks of gestation. Male infants and infants with an umbilical cord prolapse or perinatal asphyxia are at higher risk.
Loss of body sodium and consequent intravascular water (due to impaired reabsorption of salt and water in the tubules of the kidneys) Osmotic diuresis: the increase in urine production due to an excess of osmotic (namely glucose and urea) load in the tubules of the kidneys; Overuse of pharmacologic diuretics