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The Russian Orthodox Cross (or just the Orthodox Cross by some Russian Orthodox traditions) [1] is a variation of the Christian cross since the 16th century in Russia, although it bears some similarity to a cross with a bottom crossbeam slanted the other way (upwards) found since the 6th century in the Byzantine Empire. The Russian Orthodox ...
Byzantine cross-crosslet A Byzantine cross variant seen on several coins and artifacts of the Late Macedonian, Doukas, and Early Komnenos dynasties of the Byzantine Empire (c.950–1092). Combines aspects of the Patriarchal cross, Greek cross, and Calvary cross into a unique variation that may have inspired the later Jerusalem cross.
The Russian Orthodox cross can be considered a modified version of the Patriarchal cross, having two smaller crossbeams, one at the top and one near the bottom, in addition to the longer crossbeam. One suggestion is the lower crossbeam represents the footrest ( suppedaneum ) to which the feet of Jesus were nailed.
During the Palaiologan period, the insigne of the reigning dynasty, and the closest thing to a Byzantine "national flag", according to Soloviev, was the so-called "tetragrammatic cross", a gold or silver cross with four letters beta "Β" (often interpreted as firesteels) of the same color, one in each corner. [43] [44]
The cross is made from gold and enamel, and measures approximately 4.3 by 2.9 by 0–3 centimetres (1.7 in × 1.1 in × 0.0 in–1.2 in). One side of the cross depicts Christ on the cross, and on the other side, Christ as judge with Mary and John the Baptist, as well as the two Greek Orthodox saints Basil of Caesarea and John Chrysostom. [2]
The Silver Cross is not enameled or decorated in any manner except for engraving or relief. Russian Orthodox priests do not wear the cross by right of their priesthood, but only by permission of their bishop. One way a bishop may punish one of his priests is to forbid him to wear the priest's cross. The next-ranking award is the Gold Cross ...
The S-shaped position of Jesus' body on the cross is a Byzantine innovation of the late 10th century, [13] though also found in the German Gero Cross of the same date. Probably more from Byzantine influence, it spread elsewhere in the West, especially to Italy , by the Romanesque period, though it was more usual in painting than sculpted ...
9th-century Byzantine seal showing a patriarchal cross (seal of Niketas, commander of the Byzantine imperial fleet) Seal of Bouchard de Marly (attested 1225), a cross, quarterly four alerions Seal of Amadeus V, Count of Savoy (1249–1323), showing a knight on horseback displaying the Savoy cross on his shield, ailets (shoulder-pads) and caparison (horse covering) A section of Segar's Roll, a ...