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Prime number: A positive integer with exactly two positive divisors: itself and 1. The primes form an infinite sequence 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, ... Composite number: A positive integer that can be factored into a product of smaller positive integers. Every integer greater than one is either prime or composite.
[12] [13] Only positive integers were considered, making the term synonymous with the natural numbers. The definition of integer expanded over time to include negative numbers as their usefulness was recognized. [14] For example Leonhard Euler in his 1765 Elements of Algebra defined integers to include both positive and negative numbers. [15]
In a complex plane, > is identified with the positive real axis, and is usually drawn as a horizontal ray. This ray is used as reference in the polar form of a complex number . The real positive axis corresponds to complex numbers z = | z | e i φ , {\displaystyle z=|z|\mathrm {e} ^{\mathrm {i} \varphi },} with argument φ = 0. {\displaystyle ...
German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) said, "Mathematics is the queen of the sciences—and number theory is the queen of mathematics." [ 1 ] Number theorists study prime numbers as well as the properties of mathematical objects constructed from integers (for example, rational numbers ), or defined as generalizations of the ...
A powerful number is a positive integer m such that for every prime number p dividing m, p 2 also divides m. Equivalently, a powerful number is the product of a square and a cube, that is, a number m of the form m = a 2 b 3, where a and b are positive integers. Powerful numbers are also known as squareful, square-full, or 2-full.
Mathematical psychology is an approach to psychological research that is based on mathematical modeling of perceptual, thought, cognitive and motor processes, and on the establishment of law-like rules that relate quantifiable stimulus characteristics with quantifiable behavior (in practice often constituted by task performance).
Fermat polygonal number theorem, that every positive integer is a sum of at most n of the n-gonal numbers Waring–Goldbach problem , the problem of representing numbers as sums of powers of primes Subset sum problem , an algorithmic problem that can be used to find the shortest representation of a given number as a sum of powers
In number theory, a polite number is a positive integer that can be written as the sum of two or more consecutive positive integers. A positive integer which is not polite is called impolite. [1] [2] The impolite numbers are exactly the powers of two, and the polite numbers are the natural numbers that are not powers of two.