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Fish physiology is the scientific study of how the component parts ... Most air breathing fish are facultative air breathers that avoid the energetic cost of rising ...
The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw, or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ in bony fish (but not cartilaginous fish [1]) that functions to modulate buoyancy, and thus allowing the fish to stay at desired water depth without having to maintain lift via swimming, which expends more energy. [2]
Cutaneous respiration is more important in species that breathe air, such as mudskippers and reedfish, and in such species can account for nearly half the total respiration. [15] Fish from multiple groups can live out of the water for extended time periods. Air breathing fish can be divided into obligate air breathers and facultative air
The physiology of underwater diving is the physiological adaptations to diving of air-breathing vertebrates that have returned to the ocean from terrestrial lineages. They are a diverse group that include sea snakes, sea turtles, the marine iguana, saltwater crocodiles, penguins, pinnipeds, cetaceans, sea otters, manatees and dugongs.
Unlike the more common gill-bearing aquatic animals, these air-breathing animals have lungs (which are homologous to the swim bladders in bony fish) and need to surface periodically to change breaths, but their ranges are not restricted by oxygen saturation in water, although salinity changes can still affect their physiology to an extent.
Notable as an obligate air-breather, it is the sole member of its family native to the Americas. Relatively little is known about the South American lungfish, [21] or scaly salamander-fish. [22] When immature it is spotted with gold on a black background. In the adult this fades to a brown or gray color. [23]
The sea slug Pleurobranchaea meckelii respires using a gill which is visible in this view of the right side of the animal. In gastropods in many ancient lineages, the gills are bipectinate, having an overall shape that is similar to a bird's feather, with narrow filaments projecting either side of a central stalk.
Enteral respiration, also referred to as cloacal respiration or intestinal respiration, [1] is a form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the epithelia of the enteral system, usually in the caudal cavity ().