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Levobunolol is the pure L-enantiomer of bunolol and has more than 60 times the pharmacological activity of D-bunolol. [3] It is used as the hydrochloride , which melts at 209 to 211 °C (408 to 412 °F) and is soluble in water and methanol and slightly soluble in ethanol .
Betaxolol is most commonly ingested orally alone or with other medications for the management of essential hypertension. [4] It is a cardioselective beta blocker, targeting beta-1 adrenergic receptors found in the cardiac muscle.
It is marketed as a 0.25 or 0.5% ophthalmic solution of levobetaxolol hydrochloride under the trade name Betaxon. Levobetaxolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor ( beta blocker ). Indications
Levosalbutamol, also known as levalbuterol, is a short-acting β 2 adrenergic receptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Bevantolol was a drug candidate for angina and hypertension that acted as both a beta blocker and a calcium channel blocker. [1] [2] It was discovered and developed by Warner-Lambert [3] but in January 1989 the company announced that it had withdrawn the New Drug Application; the company's chairman said: "Who needs the 30th beta blocker?"
Lercanidipine is used in form of the hydrochloride, [4] which is a slightly yellow crystalline powder and melts at 197 to 201 °C (387 to 394 °F) in crystal form I or 207 to 211 °C (405 to 412 °F) in crystal form II. [10] It is readily soluble in chloroform and methanol, but practically insoluble in water. [11]
Clenbuterol is approved for use in some countries as a bronchodilator for asthma. [medical citation needed]Clenbuterol is a β 2 agonist with some structural and pharmacological similarities to epinephrine and salbutamol, but its effects are more potent and longer-lasting as a stimulant and thermogenic drug.
A more recent patent from 2008, [20] consists of a 3-step process (see Scheme 2) to synthesise levobupivacaine hydrochloride of an optical purity of at least 99%. (S)-2,6-pipecocholxylide (I) is reacted with 1-bromobutane and a base (a), such as potassium carbonate , to obtain a solution of (S)-bupivacaine (II) and its enantiomers.