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Levobunolol is the pure L-enantiomer of bunolol and has more than 60 times the pharmacological activity of D-bunolol. [3] It is used as the hydrochloride , which melts at 209 to 211 °C (408 to 412 °F) and is soluble in water and methanol and slightly soluble in ethanol .
Levosalbutamol, also known as levalbuterol, is a short-acting β 2 adrenergic receptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Betaxolol is most commonly ingested orally alone or with other medications for the management of essential hypertension. [4] It is a cardioselective beta blocker, targeting beta-1 adrenergic receptors found in the cardiac muscle.
It is marketed as a 0.25 or 0.5% ophthalmic solution of levobetaxolol hydrochloride under the trade name Betaxon. Levobetaxolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor inhibitor ( beta blocker ). Indications
Bevantolol was a drug candidate for angina and hypertension that acted as both a beta blocker and a calcium channel blocker. [1] [2] It was discovered and developed by Warner-Lambert [3] but in January 1989 the company announced that it had withdrawn the New Drug Application; the company's chairman said: "Who needs the 30th beta blocker?"
[20] Clenbuterol is a growth-promoting drug in the β agonist class of compounds. It is not licensed for use in China, [21] the United States, [20] or the EU [22] for food-producing animals, but some countries have approved it for animals not used for food, and a few countries have approved it for therapeutic uses in food-producing animals.
The usual dosage of etifoxine (as the hydrochloride salt) is 150 to 200 mg per day in divided doses of 50 to 100 mg two to three times per day (e.g., 50 mg–50 mg–100 mg). [ 2 ] [ 7 ] [ 6 ] [ 18 ] [ 1 ] [ 19 ] [ 20 ] It is taken for a few days to a few weeks, but no longer than 12 weeks.
A more recent patent from 2008, [20] consists of a 3-step process (see Scheme 2) to synthesise levobupivacaine hydrochloride of an optical purity of at least 99%. (S)-2,6-pipecocholxylide (I) is reacted with 1-bromobutane and a base (a), such as potassium carbonate , to obtain a solution of (S)-bupivacaine (II) and its enantiomers.