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A classification for the structural system of a high-rise was introduced in 1969 by Fazlur Khan and was extended to incorporate interior and exterior structures. The primary lateral load-resisting system defines if a structural system is an interior or exterior one. [2] The following interior structures are possible: Hinged frame; Rigid frame
Despite its benefits, the buttressed core system also has some drawbacks: **Complexity:** The design and construction process can be more complex and require specialized knowledge and skills. **Cost:** Initial costs may be higher due to the need for precise engineering and high-quality materials.
Later buildings to use this structural system include the Petronas Towers. [73] Outrigger and belt truss: The outrigger and belt truss system is a lateral load resisting system in which the tube structure is connected to the central core wall with very stiff outriggers and belt trusses at one or more levels. [74]
Pertamina Energy Tower was a 99-storey, 523-metre (1,716 ft) proposed skyscraper in Jakarta, Indonesia. [2] It was designed and planned by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM), [3] a private architecture and engineering company, and it was supposed to be the new HQ of the state-owned energy company Pertamina.
By modifying the "coupled-shear wall" design, it was possible to determine the effect of the "outriggers," resulting in a moment diagram for the shear wall, center core. These moments were readily handled by the shear wall system. The slabs were designed as a combination of oneway-banded design post-tensioned slabs.
Fazlur Khan and J. Rankine defined the framed tube structure as "a three dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in any direction by cantilevering from the foundation."
During an earthquake, the hat beams and outer columns act as outriggers and reduce the overturning moment in the core, and the installed dampers also reduce the moment and the lateral deflection of the structure. This innovative system can eliminate inner beams and inner columns on each floor, and thereby provide buildings with column-free ...
The term structural system in structural engineering refers to the load-resisting sub-system of a structure. Structural system transfers loads to the foundation or supporting structure through interconnected structural components or members.