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  2. Ronald Dworkin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin

    Ronald Dworkin was born in 1931 in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Madeline (Talamo) and David Dworkin. [8] His family was Jewish.He graduated from Harvard University in 1953 with an A.B., summa cum laude, where he majored in philosophy and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa in his junior year.

  3. Pearson correlation coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_correlation...

    Pearson's correlation coefficient is the covariance of the two variables divided by the product of their standard deviations. The form of the definition involves a "product moment", that is, the mean (the first moment about the origin) of the product of the mean-adjusted random variables; hence the modifier product-moment in the name.

  4. Index of dispersion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_dispersion

    In probability theory and statistics, the index of dispersion, [1] dispersion index, coefficient of dispersion, relative variance, or variance-to-mean ratio (VMR), like the coefficient of variation, is a normalized measure of the dispersion of a probability distribution: it is a measure used to quantify whether a set of observed occurrences are clustered or dispersed compared to a standard ...

  5. Ratio estimator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_estimator

    The ratio estimator is a statistical estimator for the ratio of means of two random variables. Ratio estimates are biased and corrections must be made when they are used in experimental or survey work. The ratio estimates are asymmetrical and symmetrical tests such as the t test should not be used to generate confidence intervals.

  6. Atkinson index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinson_index

    The Atkinson index is defined as: (, …,) = {(=) / (=) / = (,...,) = +where is individual income (i = 1, 2, ..., N) and is the mean income.. In other words, the Atkinson index is the complement to 1 of the ratio of the Hölder generalized mean of exponent 1−ε to the arithmetic mean of the incomes (where as usual the generalized mean of exponent 0 is interpreted as the geometric mean).

  7. Income inequality metrics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics

    As described in a section below, Theil-L is an income-distribution's dis-entropy per person, measured with respect to maximum entropy (which is achieved with complete equality). (In an alternative interpretation of it, Theil-L is the natural-logarithm of the geometric-mean of the ratio: (mean income)/(income i), over all the incomes.

  8. Golden ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio

    A straight line is said to have been cut in extreme and mean ratio when, as the whole line is to the greater segment, so is the greater to the lesser. [17] [d] Michael Maestlin, the first to write a decimal approximation of the ratio. The golden ratio was studied peripherally over the next millennium.

  9. Odds ratio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio

    An odds ratio (OR) is a statistic that quantifies the strength of the association between two events, A and B. The odds ratio is defined as the ratio of the odds of event A taking place in the presence of B, and the odds of A in the absence of B. Due to symmetry, odds ratio reciprocally calculates the ratio of the odds of B occurring in the presence of A, and the odds of B in the absence of A.